TEACHING OF ENGLISH: A PLEA FOR PRACTICLE ATTITUDE

ASSIGNMENT: EC-304 ELT

TOPIC: TEACHING OF ENGLISH: A PLEA FOR PRACTICLE ATTITUDE   

ROLL NO: 11

CLASS: M. A.

SEM: III

YEAR: 2011-2012

NAME: PATEL KAVITA B.

SUBMITTED TO: MR.DEVARSHI MEHTA,

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH,

BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY,

  TEACHING OF ENGLISH: THE PLEA FOR PRACTICAL ATTITUDE

                                  -R. K. SINGH

 Abstract:

                 English in India is a potential national resource. It is important to develop tolerance and positive attitudes towards English. Teaching by making is more need based, flexible and innovative.

                 English is adopted and established as a link language by our national leaders during and after freedom struggle not for mutual communication and coexistence, but also for saving small state nationalism.

                  English is not necessarily for reasons of quality but for political and historical reasons. England and USA have been dominating power for past three centuries English has become a dominating language, the language of power, utility and international communication today.

                   English exists for many utilitarian reasons in many non native forms, and in India, with the ‘Associate Official Language’ status that constitutionally it enjoys, remember the fact that socially English continues to be a prestige language and widely preferred as medium for all transaction, it’s now an integral part of the country’s linguistic ecology and perceived as a language of power and administrative and sociocultural contexts, just as over 75% of secondary school students have been studying it.

                    There is a need to change attitudes towards English. English is a neutral language or linguafranca for communication. So, learning another language makes one bigger gives one a wider vision. As a teacher of English he hopes from us, the fraternity will appreciate his plea for tolerance and mutual understanding in our pluralistic multilingual society, where unfortunately communication is to quote Mulk Raj Anand,

        “Baulked by narrow parochialism.”

                    He make the remark to emphasise the need for adopting more practical and accomandating attitudes besides thinking about our role asa teacher of English. If teacher accept their aim of teach English well, and if they want to ensure that their pupils should achieve a basic command of the language, than they must..

      i.            Encourage a teaching programme.

   ii.            Pursue such teaching activities.

iii.            Flexible teaching approach.

                These are the three didactic aims of teaching. The first is, a need based teaching, and it is difficult for teacher. First of all, the teacher must know their level and abilities of student that is relevant and challenging with a definite goal in mind.

                 If teacher teach English as a means of communication, teacher should also understand the essence of communication is meaningful interaction between participants. Teaching is not only teaching but presenting and practicing with such language items, that learners need in real life.

                 Teachers have to give them opportunity to use language in intelligent and relevant interaction. These activities must relate to students intellectual awareness, by challenging their cognitive and creative ability, and students should also realize that they are equally responsible for their learning, that is enjoyable and useful.

                   The third one objective is relates to motivating the students to experience success, to make them believe it is possible. The negative feelings of learner have to be changed. Failure can be avoided by providing rewarding and successful experience, by using communication technique. It is possible for the flexible and adoptable in the English classroom. If the teacher wants to know from the very first what is his/ her demands to pertaining, to class work.

             We have this major problem because we have a big class of mixed abilities; teach certain materials to the class as a whole, and form groups and pairs for written exercises, discussion, tasks and specific activities.

            Teaching English should be seen as an opportunity to explore and understand to question and argue, to learn, they and to retain something. Students want to learn, they enjoy expressing themselves in a new and different languages. What to teach ,to whom and why it is important for teachers. 

ASSIGNMENT: EC-302 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

TOPIC: CITING ADDITIONAL COMMON SOURCES

ROLL NO: 11

CLASS: M. A.

SEM: III

YEAR: 2011-2012

NAME: PATEL KAVITA B.

SUBMITTED TO: DR. DILIP BARAD,

                               BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY,

                               BHAVNAGAR

 CITING ADDITIONAN COMMON SOURCES

 A TELEVISION OR RADIO BROADCAST:

                The information in an entry for

 A TELEVISION OR RADIO BROADCAST is usually appears in the following order:

         i.        The title of the episode:

            The title should be written in the ‘quotation marks’

       ii.        Title of the programme:

                   The name of the programme should be written in italicized.

     iii.        Name of the network :

                 If the name of the network is available, than we have to write the name of the network.

     iv.        Call letters and the station:

                 Use a comma between the call letters and the city and between the city and broadcast date.

       v.        Broadcast date:

               Broadcast date is necessary to write in an entry for television or radio.

     vi.        Medium of reception:

                                    This part is necessary in an entry of                                                                                television or radio.

   vii.        Supplementary information:

                In general information relating to a particular episode, while information pertinent to a to a series follows the title of the series.

Example:

“Frederick Douglass.” Civil War Journal. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Haffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 Apr. 1993. Television. 

A SOUND RECORDINGS:

             In any entry for a commercially

 Recording, which person cited first, for example, the composer, conductor, performer depends on the desired emphasis. List the title of the recordings or the titles of the work included, the artist, the manufacturer, and the year of issue; if the year is unknown, write N.d. Indicate the medium neither italicized nor enclosed in quotation marks, after the date of publication: audiocassette, audiotape, CD or LP.

     Example:

        Holiday, Billie. The Essence of Billie Holiday. Columbia, 1991. CD.

A FILM OR A VIDEO RECORDING:

                    An entry for a film usually begins with with the title, italicized, and includes director, distributor, te year of release and the medium consulted. For films dubbed or subtitled in English, you may give the English title and follow it with the original title, italicized, in square brackets.

      Example:

     Mifune, Toshiro, perf. Rashomon. Dir. Akira Kurosawa. Daiei. 1950. Film. 

SYMBOLS USED IN OLD MAN AND THE SEA

ASSIGNMENT:EC-303 AMERICAN LITERATURE

TOPIC: SYMBOLS USED IN OLD MAN AND THE SEA

ROLL NO: 11

CLASS :M. A.

SEM : III

YEAR :2011-2012

NAME: PATEL KAVITA B.

SUBMITTED TO : DR. DILIP BARAD,

                               BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY,

                               BHAVNAGAR

SYMBOLS USED IN THE OLD MAN AND THE  SEA        

 What is symbol?

S

ymbols are one of those words that is often used in confusing manner. The confusion is increased by different scholars using the word to mean very different things.

ü A symbol is a sign which has further layers of meaning.Inthe other words, a symbols means more than it literary says.

ü Signs are literal,but symbols are not.We have to remember that a symbol can have more than one layer of further meaning.

ü Symbols can have three kinds of association,

        

          1. Personal

          2. Cultural

          3. Universal

1.Personal:  We all have associate with things in our experience.

Example:  One person may have strong affection for dogs while another person may fear them intensely.

2.Cultural: Different symbols have  quite different meanings  in different culture.

Example: A lion can represent as christ in Christian culture. In Sumerian culture the Sun represent the dog Marduk.In Chinese faithfulness.In Islamic Culture, they represent impurity.

3.Universal: Some symbols have universal meaning also like…

Example: Lions suggest deity in a variety of Cultures, for instance. Trying to discern and express the universal symbol is Tricky.

           A symbol can be defined as person, place or things, which are represents something more. In the Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway uses many symbols like Jesus Christ, Lion, Skiff, Mast, Marlin,  Manolin, etc. He compares Santiago with Jesus Christ. We can see that his tolerance power, his bleeding hands and way to carry the Mast, is just like Christ – A symbol of Christian culture.

            Santiago loves baseball and ocassionaly he plays gambles. He is trying to identify himself with the great Joe DiMaggio, who is at the central fielder for the Yankees in the 1940s and 1950s. And he was also a son of Fisherman,  just like Santiago .Though he has a bone spurns in his feet, he runs. Santiago does the same kind of work ,when he captures Marlin. Santiago seen more brodly as a representative of all human beings, who must struggle to survive. Santiago is a religious  and superstitious person also. However, Santiago says he does not understand the concept of the Sin, but he does thinks about the meaning of life. His religious referances shows that he is very familiar with Roman Catholic Saints and Prayers.

               Sea is also a symbol used in the novella. Sea becomes a symbol of larger and universe. In the beginning of the novella,Hemingway images the sea with “Blue Eyes”. Sea becomes a symbol of challenge. When Santiago is going for travelling in the sea,it is challenge for him. Sea also represents earthly  existence.Humans as stated in genesis, have been created by God to have dominion over all other living creatures, including the fish in the sea.  

                Lions are also becomes a symbol of young, proud. As we all know, lion is the king of jungle. Santiago is also represents as the king of fishing.Santiago is knowledgable person. Though Santiago is old person, he represents here as a young. Inspite of his great physical loss he still, “dreeming about the lion.

                Skiff represents circumstances of event his small boat faces the most difficult fight. Skif is witness of all events which happens with Santiago.                                                                                      

               Mast is a symbolused in the novella, as a Christian symbol, Cross. Marlin is a symbol for nobel foe sharks are symbol for cruek, vicissitudes.manolin is a symbol for love, loyalty and faith.

TITLE OF BLACK SKIN WHITE MASK

NAME: PATEL KAVITA B.

ROLL NO: 11

CLASS: M. A.

SEM: III

ASSIGNMENT: EC-305 POST-COLONIAL LITERATURE

TOPIC: TITLE OF BLACK SKIN WHITE MASK

YEAR: 2011-2012

SUBMITTED TO: DR. DILIP BARAD,

                               DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH,

                               BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY,

                               BHAVNAGAR

       BLACK SKIN WHITE MASK

        
    The opening gambit of Black Skin White Mask ushers us towards an imminent experience. There is a little point, in accusing fanon sexism and gender bias. It is indeed true, as Bart Moore – Gilbert suggests that Black Skin White Mask “discriminates pointedly between the experience of men and women of colour.” Fanon can be used both attack and defend European humanism. That’s because European humanism does have a few redeeming features along with its totalizing tendencies. Fanon is critical of European universalism yet uses the discourse of psychoanalysis to reveal the emotional anomalies responsible for the resulting complexes because one can distance oneself from certain varieties of universalism and get closure to certain other notions of universal thoughts and values.

        “I had to meet the white man’s eyes. An unfamiliar weight burdened me. In the white world the white world the man of colour encounters

Difficulties in the development of his bodily schema… I was bettered down by tom-toms, cannibalism, and intellectual deficiency. I took myself far off from my own presence, what else could it be for me but an amputation, an excision, a hemorrhage that spattered my whole body with black blood?  

            With Fanon that “Since the racial drama played out in the open the black man has no time to make unconscious” but that is a provocative thought. In occupying two places at once or three in Fanon’s case- the depersonalized, dislocketed colonial subject can become an incalculable object, quite literary, difficult to place.

        The demand of authority cannot unify its message nor simplify its strategy. For the strategy of colonial desire is to stage the drama of identity at the point at which the black slips to reveal the white skin. Fanon writes about…

        Towards the humanism…

         Understand among men…

         Our coloured brothers…

         Mankind, I believe you…

         Race prejudice…

         To understand and to love…

           What does a man want? What does a white man want? The white man called as a ‘sick’ as the man who abominates him. Every time it has burst out somewhere, it has brought fire, famine, misery and contempt for a man.

           The black man wants to be white man .The white man slaves to reach a human level. In this essay Fanon talks about black and white people’s relation. The white man is sealed in his whiteness. And black man is sealed in his blackness. There is another fact: black men want to prove to white men, at all costs, the richness of their thought, the equal value of their intellect. They constantly thinks, how do we extricate ourselves?

            Fanon believe that the fact of juxtaposition of the white and black races has created a massive psychoexistencial complex. Many Negroes will not find themselves in what follows. It is equally true of many whites.

            The black Man has two dimensions. One with his fellows, the other with the white man. A Negro behaves differently with a white man and also with another Negroes. The objective evidence that express reality is the Negro is a stage in the slow evaluation of monkey into a man.

              A men who has a language consequently possesses the world express and I am killed by the language, mastery of the language afford remarkable power.

            The title itself suggests something negative. Black skin white mask. Skin shows something original and masks shows something duplicate. Black skin white mask shows something negative. White shows the beauty, intelligence and money. While black colour shows nothingness. The title suggests Whiteman’s aggressiveness and Blackmans positiveness.

           Black skin white mask. Skin we have, while mask we brought. Blackman have a desire to be a white. Everyone wants to be white. It means they want to get beauty, money and power over the humankind. When the white lady call the black lady as a Negrees, she replies,

   “Me a negrees? … Mention niggers to me.”

           Thus even black person doesn’t like that someone calls her/him as a black person. They are just slaves and workers of the white masters. For example, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. In this book, Uncle Tom and the other slaves are works in the farm, for their master. Some of them are pitiless and cruel.

           To conclude my point, I would like to say the title suggest two colors white and black. The white is a symbol of goodness and black is for something bad.              

COMEDY OF MENACE- BIRTHDAY PARTY

ASSIGNMENT: EC-301 MODERNIST  LITERATURE

TOPIC: COMEDY OF MENACE- BIRTHDAYPARTY

ROLL NO: 11

CLASS :M. A.

SEM : III

YEAR :2011-2012

NAME: PATEL KAVITA B.

SUBMITTED TO : DR. DILIP BARAD,
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY,

         WHAT IS COMEDY OF MENACE?

              

         Comedy of Menace is a term used to describethe plays of David Campton and Harold Pinter by drama critic IrvingWardle, borrowed from the subtitle of campton’s play “Comedy of Menace”and “Comedies of Menace” caught on and have been used generally in an advertisement and in critical accounts, notices and reviews to describe Pinter’s early and later play.

        The Birthday Party is the Comedy of Menace – is a tragedy with a numberof comic elements. It is a comedy, which produces an tragic effevt.Throughout the play we are kept amused ourselves on the brink of teror. Some ofvague fear keeps our nerves on an edge. We feel uneasy all the time even when we are laughing or smiling with  amusement. This dual qualities gives to the play a unique character.

        The word menace means a dangerous or troublesome thing. This word suggest some negetivitythe menace evolves from actual violence in the olay or from an underlying sense of violence throughout the play. It may develop from a feeling of uncertainity and insecurity. The audience may be made to feel theat the security of the principal character.the atmosphere of menace is created by pinter’s ability to drop suddenly from a high comic level to one of deep seriousness.

             By this technique the audience is made aware that the comedy is only at surface leyer. The sudden outbreaks of violence in the play confirm this and leave the audience unsure of what will come next.

                 

               to conclusion, at the end of the play in act-iii, Petey is tongue tide and silent, his emotions and thoughts remain unexpressed and bottled up.